#include <iostream>
#include <cstdint> // int32_t etc

int main()
{
    // we discussed integer types
    // remember that an unsigned integer can store 0 to (2^bits)-1
    int a; // different platforms will have different standard # bits for int
    unsigned int b; // non-negative only
    int32_t c; // this will be 32 bits for sure
    uint32_t d; // unsigned... non-negative numbers only
    int64_t e; // it is pretty hard to overflow a 64 bit integer
    
    // bytes can be "encoded" to mean a character...
    // e.g. "A" in ascii is 01000001 or 41 in hex..0100 is 4, 0001 is 1
    
    // While the "ascii" encoding only goes up to 127, utf-8 encoding
    // can go beyond this by using certain bytes as "hints" that the
    // character is encoded with multiple bytes... hence foreign alphabets
    // and emojis are possible.  We will focus on ascii for the near future.
    
    int8_t s[7] = "hi mom"; // automatically includes a trailing null character
    printf("%s\n", s);
    printf("%.*s\n",3,s); // to print just the first 3 characters
    char s2[15] = {'a','r','r','a','y','\0'}; // char is the same as int8_t
    printf("%s\n",s2);
    
    // Note that in C++ double quotes are used for a literal describing an array
    // of characters, while single quotes are used for a single character.
    
    // We discussed that std::cout << a << b << std::endl; will risk
    // outputing a and b at slightly different times, so that if some
    // other thread of execution is writing to the same stream at the
    // same time there is the opportunity for messages to get strangly
    // interleaved.  The printf() family of functions does not have this
    // problem.
    
    return 0;
}